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SOIL SURVEYS AND MAPPING

A soil survey is the method used for determining what types of soils are present on a particular tract of land. The soil type determines what can be done with a particular tract of land .
Procedures and Methods
The soil scientist, (Pedologist), visits the site and determines tentative soil type boundaries. A soil profile pit is then  dug within each defining soil type boundaries . The soil profile pits are then   classified according to a standard set of norms established  by the National Soil Classification System. Soil samples are taken from each profile pit at different depths ( diagnostic subsurface soil horizons) determined on site by the Pedologist.  The soil samples are then analyzed for  specific chemical and physical properties.
The results of the profile inspection and soils analysis are interpreted by the soil scientist to determine the soil series. The soil map can then be drawn. The  soil map depicts each soil series showing each soil boundary in detail. Soil suitabilities are determined  from the soil series map. Once soil  suitability have been determined, the soil scientist  will be in a position to make a land use and management recommendation.
From the above results , it now becomes possible to establish a management operating budget.
Before the management budget can be finalized, however ,a soil sample representing the plantable area on each soil series , according to the soil map, needs to be taken. These soil samples are analyzed for all essential chemicals( plant nutrients) and interpreted for fertilizer recommendation, herbicide application, irrigation methods and type of cropping or other land use.
 

GROND OPNAMES EN KAARTEERING

'n Grond opname is die metode wat verskillende  grondtipes  op 'n sekere stuk grond bepaal. Die grond tipe  bepaal wat op 'n sekere stuk grond  gedoen kan word..
Prosedure en Metodes
Die grondkundige,(pedoloog),besoek die terrein  om die beraamde grense van die verskillende grondtipes te bepaal.Daarna word grond- profiel gate gegrawe binne die grense van elke gron tipe.Die profiel gate word  dan deur die pedoloog  , volgens die Nationale Grond Klassifikasie Systeem,geklasifiseer. Grond monsters word by verskillende vlakke, ( diagnostiese  ondergrondhorison)wat  deur die Pedoloog  bepaal word,in elke gat geneem. Daarna word die grondmonsters  ontleed  vir spesifieke chemikaliese en fisiese eienskappe.
Die Grondkundige lê nou die resultate van die profiel inspeksie en die grond ontledings uiteen, om die grond serie te bepaal. Die grond kaart kan daarna  opgestel word. Die grond kaart  wys  die grense van elke grondserie  aan. Grond geskikthede word deur die grondserieskaart bepaal.Sodra hiedie grond geskikthede bepaal is, kan die grondkundige(pedoloog) 'n aanbeveeling vir grond gebruik en bestuur, gee.
Van bogenoemde resulte,is dit nou moontlik om 'n begroting  vir die  bestuur van die projek te bepaal.
Voordat die begroting gefinaliseer kan word, is dit noodsaaklik om grond monsters,binne elke grens van die grondkaart, te neem en te analiseer. Hierdie grond monsters word geanaliseer vir noodsaaklike plant voedingstowwe en  ander fisiese eienskappe. Bogenoemde  resulte kan nou geintepreteer word vir kunsmis en kalk aanbeveling, onkruiddoder aanbeveling, besproeiings metodes , gewas tipes en ander grond gebruik.